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By the author of “ The Silent Rancher,” etc. The Rhodesian By GERTRUDE PAGE In Miss Gertrude Page’s new novel ‘‘ The Rhodesian,”’ she has once again laid her plot in Rhodesia—choosing this time the neighbourhood of the wonderful Zimbabwe ruins, and wreathing around her characters beautiful word pictures of the fascinating country. Tarantella By EDITH MACVANE Author of “‘ The Black Flier.” In this story Miss Macvane, the author of that unique motor story, ‘‘The Black Flier,” turns to a theme of stronger dramatic, and very timely interest. The tale concerns a girl, the victim of an unfortunate marriage, who later goes to Italy and is loved by an Italian nobleman. The story moves to a happy conclusion through a series of moving and dramatic episodes. Miss Macvane knows her Italy through long resi- ce ice there, and asa picture of actual Italian society the book is as notable as it is a stirring novel. LONDON: HURST & BLACKETT, LTD, DFLICIOUS COFFEE RED WHITE s BLUE For Breakfast & after Dinner. In making, use less quantity, it being so much stronger than ordinary COFFEE, “ Drink Fine China Black Tea if you value your nervous system.” TE-CELESTIAL is the FINEST CHINESE BLACK TEA. Sold in 3lb., 1lb. and Half-pound Canisters, at 2/2 per Ib. ANY GROCER WILL SUPPLY IT. Three New 6/- Novels. By Popular Authors The Red Man’s Secret © A romance of the Stage Prairie By F. FRANKFORT MOORE Mr Frankfort Moore’s new story is likely to prove as greata novelty in its way as did his early work, ‘‘I Forbid the Banns,”’ many years ago. It is sufficient to say that the book has been described by those who have seen it as very bright and witty, and something entirely fresh ; in fact, an entirely new note in fiction. By the author of “ The Strayings of Sandy,” etc. The Arrival of Antony By DOROTHEA CONYERS Mrs. Conyers’ new book is a sporting one, on the lines of the ** Strayings of Sandy.” It tells of Antony, brought up in Germany, coming over to Ireland to live with his uncles, who are horse- dealers, and the adventures which befall him with them. Dickie Duilver By G. B. BURGIN Author of “The Shutters of Silence,” “The Belle of Santiago,” &c. LONDON: HUTCHINSON & CO. if ay MN SED Fear HUAN) RL VAN CRON Nt i it " HSI LAY i PyNeUy ue th) ih A GROUP OF STAR FISHES. This group is unnatural, in that the examples have been drawn from various parts of the globe. The uppermost figure is that of the Rosy Feather-star, found in British waters, as also is the brilliant Sun Star seen immediately below it. The green star (upper left), of which only two complete arms and the body are shown, is found in the Pacific. The large red example with stout black spines comes from the Indian Seas; whilst the mauve one with the seven points is Australian. The round-armed yellow and red star, which more closely resembles our common Five-fingers, is a native of Mauritius. All the figures are shown one-fourth less than the actual sizes. Marvels of the Universe 601 often badly infested with a mite nearly related to that found on the Dor-beetle, which I described and illustrated in an earlier article; but in this case it is tolerably certain that their mission is not to attend the toilet of their host so much as looking after their own wants; for when they are hungry they are pale in colour, but when their digestive organs are full, they are of a purplish hue, a colour produced by the blood of their victim which they have consumed. Nevertheless, it should not be assumed that all the parasites of birds are undesirable guests. There are insect and mite organisms which are designated ‘‘ feather and hair eaters,’ and many of these render good service to their hosts by thinning their body-plumage during hot weather. The slender-bodied parasite of the duck shown amongst the illustrations, which may also be found on the goose, is an example of that order. Pigeons and doves also seem particularly favoured with this class of parasite; while other species patronize the fowl, teal, turkey, etc. It is a remarkable fact, too, that when several genera infest one host they confine their atten- tions to particular localities. Perhaps some will inhabit only the feathers of the neck, others those of the breast, and still others those of the wing feathers. They can move with remarkable facility, and have a way of turning sideways round the quill of the feather when touched ; and they can also travel as readily backwards as they can for- wards. These features combined with the fact that their bodies are flat and polished, make their chances of being caught when amongst the feathers very improbable. The mites (which are much smaller, and may be distinguished by their eight legs) are more nearly related to the spider family ; the six-legged parasites being insects properly speaking. Almost every bird species has one or more kinds of these organisms allotted to it, and some of them are, indeed, weird-looking animals when viewed through the microscope, the third pair of legs of the male sometimes being exaggerated into monstrous organs. Occasionally six-legged forms are dis- covered, but these are the mites in their larval stage ; after the final moulting of their skin eight legs appear. Although, as previously stated, some mites prey Photo by} (7. S. Cheavin, F.R. M.S BLACKBIRD PARASITES. It is a remarkable fact that when several kinds of parasites infest the same host each species usually confines itself to a particular locality. eS pee a Photo bu) (Ui J. Ward, F.ES. THE PARASITE OF THE TAWNY OWL. This “tick ’’ is an exception to the rule that all parasites are slender-bodied. Notice that it possesses eight legs instead of the usual six in all insects 602 Marvels of the Universe Photo by) (HOS. Cheavin, FRM. A FOWL LOUSE. The parasite is not always a pest; he sometimes renders good service to his host by thinning the body plumage during hot weather. upon the blood of their host, yet it is probable that the great majority of them are, like the slender-bodied parasites of the duck and the pigeon, useful attendants on their toilet. The tawny owl presents by way of contrast a parasite that is not slender-bodied (see photograph), but which ex- hibits an aldermanic outline suggestive of unearned incre- ment. That organism, also, is seen to possess eight legs; it is, however, much larger than a mite, and is known as a melo Kou Ticks are not so common on birds as the bird-lice and the mites previously mentioned, but some bird species become prey for them; the swallow and the pigeon are hosts not infrequently selected. They are probably the most troublesome of all their parasites ; they are certainly the largest feeders. Their bodies are of a leathery consist- ency, and their mouth parts are adapted for penetrating the skin and for blood-sucking, while their feet are provided with sucker-like organs. Probably the birds acquire these troublesome visitors from the herbage amongst which they move, as they are vegetable feeders during certain stages in their development, and they also breed on the ground. It is the female tick which has to be feared, as the abdomen of the male cannot be distended with blood like that of the female. The latter often pumps herself up to the size of a pea. Also these Photo bu) [H.S. Cheavin, FRM. A ROOK LOUSE. All these examples of parasites are much enlarged. parasites are not at all particular regarding their host ; indeed, in this respect they are most adaptable, and it does not by any means follow that a tick found upon an owl is an owl parasite; it would probably have travelled with a hedgehog just as readily if fortune had turned it that way. It is well known to country people that dogs and horses which are quite clean on starting out will often return after hunting with some of these pests about them. Even man himself is often annoyed by them, for they are just as likely to grasp his clothes by means of their hooked feet as they cling to the tall grass-blades as they would the coat of a passing sheep or a dog; they are especially annoying at hay-time. It is obvious, therefore, that birds which con- tinually move in and out amongst vegetation while searching for their prey are most likely victims. Although the ticks do not breed on their hosts, yet it is obvious that some of their other parasites do, for attached to the quills of birds’ feathers their numerous eggs may be found in abundance. These tiny eggs are often beautifully sculptured, and under a microscope they make most charm- ing objects when well illuminated. BIND) OW WOIL, Il Marvels of the Universe 603 Ws SUFINMVIMNVEIZS (Ol SNAWES BY BERNARD C. WHITE PROTECTIVE resemblance is a method of self-preservation that widely prevails in the world of Nature. It is well known to be frequently adopted by beasts and birds, and, above all, by insects ; but it is not so widely known that it is also in vogue in the world of molluscs. A remarkable instance is mentioned by Karl Semper. The Snail was Xesta, which was found to mimic the markings of another snail, Helicarion. Now Helicarion possesses the power of shaking off the tail when seized or irritated, and so of escaping from the clutches of its enemies. The result is that these enemies, finding the game of hunting it not worth the candle, leave Helicarion unmolested. Xesta has recognized its neighbour’s immunity from attack, and has adopted the appearance of Helicarion, although it is unable to shed its tail at will. However, as it lives associated with Helicarion, the deception is sufficient to safeguard it from attack. Two splendid examples of protective coloration are furnished by the Common Limpet and the Blue-rayed Limpet. In the first, its colour exactly resembles the surface of the rock on which it lives, and when the edges of the shell are drawn down to fit tightly into its shallow hollow in the rock, the creature looks for all the world like a rough protuberance of the rock itself. In the case of the Blue-rayed Limpet, the young Snail feeds on the iridescent leaves of one of the larger sea-weeds, and is possessed of an oval, thin, semi-transparent shell, ornamented with vivid blue lines running from the beak to the margin, and can hardly be distinguished from its food-plant. But in later life it prefers the rounded stalk, and finally the roots of the seaweed, which are entirely devoid of iridescence. It therefore adapts itself to its newly-chosen surroundings. The shell becomes thickened and compressed at the sides; the hitherto smooth, sharp base assumes a shape which will accurately fit the stalk. The blue lines are no longer wanted—in fact, would make their owner conspicuous—and so disappear, and the shell loses all resemblance to its former self. The mature Limpet now scoops out a little cavity in the seaweed, and becomes actually part of the root or stem. Photo by) [V. J. Ward. CARRIER SHELLS. In order to save himself from the attacks of enemies the Carrier Snail hides his shell under a coating of cement, to which he attaches any pieces of rock or shell that come his way. As a result his home has only the appearance of a mass of rubble. aN ios) 604 Marvels of the Universe In the foregoing cases the resemblances have been produced in the actual shells, but there are Snails which are known to adopt certain external aids to concealment. For instance, the Lesser Bulin, which has a glossy shell and feeds upon the immature mosses on the bark of trees, covers its shell with slime and drags it through the débris to be found in the crevices of the weather-worn bark, repeating the process until the shell is entirely concealed and the birds pass it by as a knotted excrescence of the bark. The Pellucid Glass Snail, again, has formed the habit of attaching to itself bits of leaves or soil, which entirely cover and conceal both shell and animal. But the Snail which has succeeded best in disguising his home is the Carrier Snail of Borneo. The denuded shell is in shape like a top-shell ; but the Snail secretes a cement by which he fixes all manner of stone, shells, and other débris to the top of the successive whorls. The result is that the whole creature is com- pletely hidden under this conglomerate mass. There are several varieties of Carrier shells, all with the same propensity, though while some Photo by) - ey oe ; [/. J. Ward. CARRIER SHELLS. The owners of these queer dwelling-places will take great pains in their adornment. In some specimens only a certain kind of shell or stone will be used (but this may be due to a limited choice of building material), and these particles will be inserted to outline the different whorls of the shell. appear to favour the larger and rougher pieces of rock and to set them in the cement more carelessly, other Carriers choose minute particles of shell or stone, which are very carefully and regularly set in the cement and neatly outline the successive whorls of the shell. There is, however, more arrangement in this queer device than meets the casual eye, for the choice of material is not altogether haphazard, as certain Snails appear to have a preference for certain ornaments. For instance, a specimen dredged up during the Challenger Expedition is ornamented entirely with long and pointed shells ; others are set entirely with stones, and one large specimen, about six inches in diameter (also from the Challenger collection), bristles exuberantly with a species of oyster-shell. There is only one Carrier that is not worthy of the name. That is the Indian Carrier, who plasters his shell with cement alone ; but this is laid on in a very delicate and fine fan pattern. There is one other unornamented Carrier, but he neither cements nor adorns his house, and fer a very good reason; for the lower edge of the whorls branches out into flat spines, and these take the place of extraneous ornament. Outward appearance seems to point to the fact that this species has evolved its peculiar eee reek eee SESE Te ee FORTE Y A STARFISH OPENING AN OYSTER. One of the most persistent and destructive raiders of the oyster-beds is the Starfish. Having chosen his victim, he attaches his fingers to the shell beneath him by means of his innumerable suckers, and raises his body, exerting all his force to drag open the shell which the oyster has securely shut. It is a long struggle, but at length the muscular power of the oyster gives out and the shell gapes open. Then the Starfish devours his prey in the manner shown at the background of the picture. 606 Mlarvels Photo by} (i. J. Shepstone. MANY-ARMED SUN-STAR. Of similar form to the Common Sun-star of our coasts, this species is seen to have more than of arms, twice the number of the Universe habit of not 1s a from the characteristic Whether this be so or question hard to decide, but interesting to structure its race. discuss. STARS OF THE SEA BY EDWARD STEP, F.L.S. THE poet Montgomery has said : “ ’ were abundant at some periods of the world’s history, and their fossil remains are numerous. This fine example was found in a bed of Lias. 1S impossible. 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By the author of “ The Sifent Rancher,” etc. The Rhodesian By GERTRUDE PAGE In Miss Gertrude Page’s new novel ‘‘ The Rhodesian,” she has ance again laid her plot in Rhodesia—choosing this time the neéigkkourhood of the wonderful Zimbabwe ruins, and wreathing around her characters beautiful word pictures of the fascinating country. Tarantella By EDITH MACVANE Author of ‘‘ The Black Flier.” In this story Miss Macvane, the author of that unique moter story, ‘‘ The Black Flier,” turns to a theme of stronger dramatic, and very timely interest The tale concerns a girl, the victim of an unfortunate marriage, who later goes to Italy and is leved by an Italian nobleman. The story moves to a happy conclusion threugh a series of moving and dramatic episudes, Miss Macvane knows her Italy through long resi- ae ice there, and asa picture of actual Italian society the book is as notable as it is a stirring novel. LONDON: HURST & BLACKETT, LTD. DELICIOUS COFFEE For Breakfast & after Dinner. In making, use less quantity, it being so much stronger than ordi nary COFFEE, “ Drink Fine China Black Tea if you value your nervous system.” TE-CELESTIAL is the FINEST CHINESE BLACK TEA. Sold in 3tb., 1lb. and Half-pound Canisters, at 2/2 per Ib. ANY GROGER WILL SUPPLY IT. Three New 6/= Novels. By Popular Authors The Red Man’s Secret A romanez of the Stage Prairie By F. FRANKFORT MOORE Mr Frankfort Moore’s new stery is likely to prove as greata novelty in its way as did his early werk, ‘‘I Forbid the Banns,”’ many years ago. It is sufficieat to say that the book has been described by those who have seen it as very bright and witty, and something entirely fresh ; in fact, an entirely new note in fiction. By the author of “ The Strayings of Sandy,” etc. The Arrival of Antony By DOROTHEA CONYERS Mrs. Conyers’ new book is a sporting one, on the lines of the “Strayings of Sandy.”’ It tells ef Antony, brought up in Germany, coming over to Ireland to live with his uncles, who are horse- dealers, and the adventures which befall him with them. Dickie Duilver By G. B. BURGIN Author of “The Shatters of Silence,”’ “The Belle of Santiago,” &c. oo LONDON: HUTCHINSON & CO. ayuNe TaN oa Vs he Mi) i i i) WN) t) HF i i va aie if ie Nay 1M at " mye Wet De ANAS : 7 LOL OEANEAE é nd VACA K Li hy OM bay, ' ADU At AVA TR iy \ (i i mat RYN AUT IMANY ' i { PK AVE ireK tt Ath! AY, ¢ ; i aa it) i)